CLM-0009 - Energy Aperture

In plain terms

For the UK reference design, averaging the limit over half an hour and over a whole body does not help, because the beam does not switch off and it is far wider than a person.

The claim as recorded

For the UK GEO reference design (230-245 W/m2), the averaging conditions in ICNIRP's reference level do not reduce the design figure, because the beam is continuous in time and kilometres wide in space, so a 30-minute time average equals the instantaneous value and a whole-body spatial average equals the local value at any point in the beam.

T0 own calculation · medium confidence · as of 2026-09 · VER-1610 CONFIRMED 2026-10-01 (also VER-1604 PARTIAL 2026-10-01 (also VER-009 PARTIAL 2026-09-02)) · VC06, XC01

Scope and limits

SCOPE CORRECTED 2026-09-02 by verification. Holds for the UK GEO reference design, which is the design the 230-245 W/m2 figures come from. It is NOT general: the verifier found that Cash's MEO and HEO variants give each rectenna site 78 to 96 per cent daily utilisation (SRC-026 p.177: MEO more than 92 per cent; HEO Beijing 96, San Francisco 86, Glasgow 78 per cent), because satellites serve sites in turn. That is a daily on-time fraction. It lowers the daily average, but the source does not show that it lowers the 30-minute average during a pass, so it does not change the conclusion, but the claim as written overgeneralised and is now bounded to the GEO case.

What it assumes

continuous beaming under normal operation; the beam profile varies smoothly over kilometre scales rather than over metre scales

Where it comes from

SRC-075 ICNIRP Guidelines for Limiting Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields (100 kHz to 300 GHz), Health...

This is the project's own working, shown in full:

CALC-002 Does ICNIRP's averaging reduce the design figure?

The limit is averaged over 30 min (Table 5 caption) and the beam is continuous under normal operation, so the time average equals the instantaneous value. The rectenna is stated as 6.7 km by 13 km (CLM-0003), which is about four orders of magnitude larger than a human body, so the incident power density is effectively uniform across a body at any given point and the whole-body spatial average equals the local value.

Related records

Answers question: QST-001 not published in this release

Cite this

energyaperture.com/c/clm-0009

CLM-0009, Energy Aperture, as of 2026-09.

Connected records

Other published records linked to this one. A list, not a judgement.

Also from SRC-075: CLM-0008The international exposure guideline allows 10 watts per square metre for the general public and 50 for workers, at the frequencies space...