Value chain · CLM-0920
In plain terms
The 1978 study says a solar power satellite cannot keep its beam entirely on the receiving station - the physics of beams forbids it - so some energy reaches everywhere the satellite can be seen from. Most equipment is partly protected by its metal case and could be made to work with care. Microwave receivers are the exception it leaves open, because a receiver is built to be sensitive to exactly what is spilling; they could be modified, but nobody had worked out at what cost or how well.
The claim as recorded
The 1978 EMC assessment states that incidental microwave energy falling outside the rectenna is an unavoidable consequence of fundamental limits on beam confinement, reaching the whole hemisphere from which the satellite is visible, and that its effect on microwave receivers ranges from negligible to catastrophic; affected receivers "could be modified to mitigate the problem but the cost and effectiveness of the modifications have not been determined". It expects electronic systems in general to be shielded "to some degree" by their usual metallic enclosures, and says that with proper precautions and modifications virtually any desired equipment could be operated in the highest fields an SPS will produce "except possibly microwave receivers", so the catastrophic end is not general electronics but one class, the one it leaves open. Near the rectenna, where power levels "will be sufficient to affect the operation of a variety of electronic equipment, including, but not limited to, receiver systems", it expects the interference to be "no more than a nuisance if adequately anticipated". Effects on other systems are expected within 20 to 30 km of the rectenna centre and may occur much further; at the edge of the visible hemisphere a 2 m antenna would deliver about one microwatt, which the document says is enough to overload a low-noise parametric amplifier.
Evidence behind this: Government-contractor assessment read directly in the held file. The document is headed PRELIMINARY DRAFT on its own contents page. Six quotations below were matched against the text layer; the sixth, from the preface (PDF p.6), is split across a line in the text layer as "techni- cal", which is why an exact-string search missed it at registration.
Scope and limits
FEBRUARY 1978, MARKED PRELIMINARY DRAFT. The power distribution is not this document's own - it is Figure A after Reference R-39, for one 5 GW system. The edge-of-hemisphere density is 0.3 microwatt per square METRE; the document also prints it as 0.3 microwatts/cm2 two pages earlier and the two differ by 10,000 - see SRC-111's source row, where that and four other reading hazards are recorded. THE CATASTROPHIC END APPLIES TO MICROWAVE RECEIVERS AND MUST NOT BE QUOTED AS APPLYING TO ELECTRONICS GENERALLY; the same passage says other electronics would be shielded "to some degree" by their enclosures and could be operated with precautions, and it does not say receivers cannot be fixed: it says they could be modified, at a cost and effectiveness not determined. Nothing here establishes any effect at a stated distance for any modern design, and the register holds no more recent assessment of hemisphere-wide incidental exposure. THE POWER DISTRIBUTION BEHIND POINT I COMES FROM A DOCUMENT THE ARCHIVE DOES NOT HOLD, ESTABLISHED 2026-09-15. SRC-111's Figure A is after its reference R-39: R. M. Dickinson, "Satellite Power System (SPS) Microwave Subsystem Impacts and Benefits", JPL, 28 September 1977. Not held. Every distance in this record and in CLM-0926 - the 20 to 30 km, the 500 to 1000 km, the 15 km and the 7 km - is read against that distribution, and SRC-439 cites it by name for the same purpose: "see figure A, Battelle report". So two registered records and a third document all rest on one unheld 1977 JPL figure, and that is the single most load-bearing absence XC01's collection gap has surfaced. THE DOCUMENT IS NOW HELD, 2026-09-15, AND THIS FIELD'S STATEMENT THAT IT IS NOT IS SUPERSEDED. R-39 was acquired as SRC-450 - JPL 900-800, NASA-CR-157951, 105 pages, open on NTRS at no cost, identity confirmed from its title page rather than a catalogue entry. It is not yet read beyond the title page, so every distance in this record still rests on SRC-111's rendering of Figure A rather than on Figure A; what has changed is that the check is now possible and costs a read. FIGURE A IS NOW HELD AND READ, AND IT DOES NOT CARRY THE DISTANCES THIS RECORD READS AGAINST IT. ESTABLISHED 2026-09-15, VERIFIED FIRST-HAND. SRC-111's Figure A is SRC-450's Figure 1-9, "SPS 10-dB taper array pattern", PDF p.24 - identified by matching SRC-111's own figure text against it, both carrying km RADIUS AT EQUATOR, 10 m SUBARRAY, 1 min ARC ATTITUDE CONTROL, GRATING LOBES and % FAILURES. ITS AXES ARE GAIN IN dBi AND dB RELATIVE TO PEAK, AGAINST ANGLE FROM BORESIGHT IN DEGREES, with a secondary top scale in km radius at equator. THERE IS NO POWER-DENSITY AXIS. Power density appears only as four horizontal reference lines - 10 mW/cm2 OSHA, 1 mW/cm2 OVEN, 0.1 mW/cm2 LeRC-JSC, 0.01 mW/cm2 EE. SO ANY DISTANCE FOR A THRESHOLD OTHER THAN THOSE FOUR LINES REQUIRES A POWER BUDGET TO TURN GAIN INTO POWER DENSITY, AND SRC-439'S THRESHOLDS ARE FIELD STRENGTHS FROM MILITARY STANDARDS - 194 V/m, 135 dB uV/m, 100 dB uV/m - WHICH ARE NOT ON THIS FIGURE AT ALL. THE CORRECT AND WEAKER STATEMENT IS THAT THE FIGURE SUPPORTS THE GEOMETRY AND THAT THE SPECIFIC DISTANCES ARE DERIVED RATHER THAN READ. The geometry does check: 500 to 1000 km sits at roughly 0.8 to 1.6 degrees on the top scale, which is the grating-lobe region the figure labels and Dickinson's text treats as the whole problem, and 15 km sits near the 0.01 mW/cm2 line. What remains unchecked is the conversion, which neither SRC-111 nor SRC-439 shows.
What it assumes
No assumptions are recorded against this claim.
Where it comes from
Verified first-hand against the text layer on registration. Verbatim: "This appears to be an unavoidable result of any practical SPS microwave power transmission system due to fundamental limitations on the confinement of the transmission beam." Verbatim: "Effects on a variety of other electronic systems are expected within a radius of 20 to 30 km from the center of rectenna and may occur at much larger distances." Verbatim: "The severity of the problems increases as the total power transmitted from SPSs is increased and if SPSs are allowed to operate with substantial faults in their microwave power transmission control systems." Verbatim: "Power levels at and near the rectenna area will be sufficient to affect the operation of a variety of electronic equipment, including, but not limited to, receiver systems." Verbatim: "should be no more than a nuisance if adequately anticipated." The shielding qualification and the 2 m dish sentence are TRANSCRIBED, NOT QUOTED, because the scan letterspaces them: it renders "possible to operate virtually any desired equipment, except possibly microwave receivers" as "i t should be pos- s i b l e t o operate virtually any desired equipment, except possibly micro- wave receivers", and "satellite" as "s a t e l l i t e" throughout those pages. Verbatim, PDF p.6 (preface; the text layer splits "techni- cal" across a line): "No attempt has been made to present a comprehensive technical analysis of the various points." Verbatim, PDF p.7: "Affected receivers could be modified to mitigate the problem but the cost and effectiveness of the modifications have not been determined." PDF p.16, transcribed (letterspaced): electronic systems "would be shielded to some degree by their usual metallic enclosures".
Basis: km (radius); microwatt/m2 (power density)
Related records
- Answers question
- QST-001 not published in this release
Cite this
energyaperture.com/c/clm-0920
CLM-0920, Energy Aperture, as of 1978-02.
Connected records
Other published records linked to this one. A list, not a judgement.
- Also from SRC-111
- CLM-0918The 1978 study of what a solar power satellite would do to the radio spectrum found two things. Its transmitter NOISE would exceed what...CLM-0919In 1978 there was no rule allowing a solar power satellite to transmit power, and the industrial band everyone assumed it would use permits...CLM-0921The 1978 report says the power density a solar power satellite apparently needs to make economic sense was thought to be about the same as...CLM-0959The original 1975 calculation found the satellite's radio noise would be fine for ordinary and troposcatter radio links and a problem only...CLM-0960The 1975 study found the satellite's harmonics - the multiples of its transmit frequency - would trouble radio astronomy at the second and...CLM-0961Everything in the 1975 interference analysis is for one satellite. The study itself says that a hundred of them would raise the noise and...CLM-1315The 1975 estimate of the satellite's radio noise, taken at its own frequency, is about a hundred million times above today's threshold for...